Overcoming Challenges in General Medicine Management with Cellma
Table of Contents Help Others Discover – Click to Share! Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Table of Contents General medicine is a vital area of medicine that encompasses a diverse range of conditions. General medicine departments have a number of challenges in dealing with increasing patient volume and waiting on their health reviews and maintaining the ability to keep accurate records. With the growing prevalence of various conditions and diseases, and the increasing complexity of treatments, general medicine departments are under pressure to deliver high-quality care while managing resources effectively. What’s the solution to meet these challenges? Cellma. Cellma has modules that improve how hospitals and general medicine departments manage their patients. Cellma is an HIMS that optimises the hospitals operations through its system and patient management. This improves not just the administration of the hospital at all levels, but also improves the patient experience. Patients are traversing through the hospital experience in a more seamless manner through the various modules of Cellma. Read the blog to learn how Cellma transforms general medicine management and hospital’s operations. What is General Medicine? General medicine is a medical specialty that encompasses the prevention, diagnosis, and management of diseases affecting the body’s internal organs and systems. General medicine practitioners are commonly referred to as internal medicine specialists or internists, and they care for adult patients with multiple medical problems, from acute illnesses such as infections, to chronic illnesses such as diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease. General medicine practitioners usually serve as the patient’s first point of contact for undiagnosed medical problems and will complete an appropriate assessment, order testing, and when required, collaborate across several medical specialists with a comprehensive treatment plan. According to the Royal College of General Practitioners in the UK, in 2023, general practice staff delivered approximately 356 million appointments, compared to a 14% increase from what they delivered in 2019, and delivered 30.7 million consultations in April 2024. The Challenge Faced by General Medical Departments Providing general medical care involves navigating various challenges, including: Appointment management High patient volumes Chronic disease management Data management and integration Communication with specialists Complex cases Limited resources Billing and Insurance Management, etc. Due to such challenges, there is a need for general medicine departments to implement a system that will improve the level of efficiency as well as effectiveness of the patients care quality. Holding on to outdated systems can cause inefficiency of time, missed opportunities for early interventions, and decreased patients’ quality of care and satisfaction. On the other hand, using Cellma to manage the processes in the departments will overcome these challenges from delivering better care, whilst also using the proposed resources more effectively. Here is how Cellma can increase the efficiency of the management of general medicine: Electronic Patient Records Module The Electronic Patient Record module (EPR) of Cellma has an electronic centralised digital store, where all patient information is electronically available. Patient demographics, medical history, and every information concerning the patient care is easily obtained by authorised healthcare providers. The EPR will have the patient data recorded during the patient service pathway, regardless of the services that are delivered. The EPR module is completely integrated, therefore providing healthcare provider’s and the patient bi-directional linkage. PAS (Patient Appointment and Scheduling) ModuleWith Cellma’s Patient Appointment and Scheduling (PAS) module, simple administrative tasks such as patient registration, appointment scheduling and admission and discharge, as well as the process of referral to a specialist, can be streamlined. Cellma patients are also able to book appointments through the web portal or app. MDT (Multi-Disciplinary Team) Module Some conditions require treatment by a combination of several specialists. Cellma’s Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) module allows all members of the patient’s care team to communicate and convene. Lab’s ModuleThe labs module of Cellma streamlines the ordering, tracking and reporting of laboratory tests. Doctors can conveniently handle all in-house pathology requests, reports and results through this feature linked to their patient’s record. E-Pharmacy Module The E-Pharmacy module of Cellma integrates prescription management with the hospital’s pharmacy. Using the E-Pharmacy module embedded in Cellma, doctors can prescribe medicines electronically to patients and ensure that the prescription is transmitted for immediate dispensing. Document Management moduleCellma’s document management module retains all patient documentation pertaining to the required care including consent forms, treatment plans, summaries, and is accessible by the healthcare providers. Through this the chance of losing the paperwork is eliminated and improved efficiencies in the workings of the hospital are achieved by storing all the essential documents in one place. Communication moduleCommunication is one of the most crucial activities in providing care to patients. Cellma’s communication module keeps healthcare providers in communication without any hitches and also offers safe messaging and collaboration tools. This helps all people involved in the patient care be informed. Telemedicine module Cellma supports telehealth services, enabling virtual consultations and remote monitoring. Patients can confirm, cancel, or re-schedule telemedicine appointments to suit their availability. It reduces no-shows significantly with appointment confirmations and reminders about upcoming remote consultations via the patient app and portal. Finance and Billing moduleCellma’s Finance and Billing module simplifies the financial operations of a hospital. It handles everything from the patient’s treatment’s billing to insurance claims processing and ensures accuracy and transparency. The finance and appointment module in Cellma is completely connected. As a result, patients get automatic billing for each treatment episode and the service provided at the department. Business Intelligence and Reporting module The Business Intelligence and Reporting module provides the general medicine department and the hospital as whole with valuable insights into the departments and hospital’s operations, through advanced analytics and reporting tools. Cellma’s Business Intelligence and Reporting module provides clinical, managerial and financial reports on all data stored within an organisation. Every single piece of data can be accessed in three easy-to-read formats. Our dynamic dashboards give you a snapshot of any specific key performance indicators, customisable to present only the data you need. Patient PortalVia the patient portal, patients can conveniently schedule their appointments with the doctors online, choosing their preferred date and time. Many of the
From Frustration to Hope: Understanding Infertility
Table of Contents Help Others Discover – Click to Share! Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Table of Contents Clary and Jace had always dreamed of starting a family. One year went by without being able to conceive, and the excitement started giving way to frustration with each passing month showing a pregnancy test negative. Like any other couple, they just assumed it would take time, but deep inside, they started worrying if something was wrong. Without making any phone call, they finally booked an online appointment with a doctor through Cellmaflex. After consulting their doctor, they found out that both suffer from fertility problems. The news was saddening, but it marked the beginning of their journey to understanding, treatment, and finally, hope. For millions of couples across the globe, the quest to have children has become an issue. However, it does not necessarily have to end in despair and helplessness. Read the blog to know about the infertility, age of occurrence, types, causes of infertility and treatments available. What are the Infertility Issues? Infertility issues, in general, are the failure to conceive, following one year of uninterrupted, unprotected intercourse. These problems can occur among both men and women. Causes could be hormonal imbalances, physical irregularities, lifestyle factors, or even health problems. Infertility in most cases of women is caused by a problem with ovulation, blocked fallopian tubes, uterine abnormalities, whereas in men, poor quality sperm or low count of sperm is considered an impediment to fertility. If you are younger than 35, your healthcare provider may diagnose infertility after one year (12 months) of trying to conceive. Trying to conceive is defined as having regular, unprotected sex. If you are 35 or older, your provider may diagnose infertility after six months of regular, unprotected sex. According to WHO, in 2023, around 17.5% of the adult population – roughly 1 in 6 worldwide – experience infertility. What Are the Types of Infertility? Types of infertility include: Primary infertility: You have never been pregnant and cannot conceive after one year (or six months if you are 35 or older) of regular, unprotected sexual intercourse. Secondary infertility: You cannot get pregnant again after having at least one successful pregnancy. Unexplained infertility: Fertility testing has not found a reason why a person or couple is unable to get pregnant. Infertility Causes for Women Ovulation disorders are the leading cause of infertility in people with ovaries. Ovulation is the process when an ovary releases an egg for fertilization. Ovulation disorders can contribute to female infertility and are caused by a variety of factors. The following factors can contribute to female infertility: Endometriosis PCOS Infrequent or absent menstrual periods Primary ovarian insufficiency or poor egg quality Genetic or chromosomal disorders Sexual dysfunction Uterine fibroids or uterine polyps Thyroid disease Structural abnormalities of the vagina, uterus or fallopian tubes Autoimmune conditions like lupus Hypothalamic and pituitary gland disorders Surgical or congenital absence of ovaries Infertility Causes for Men The leading cause of male infertility includes any issues with the shape, movement (motility), or number of sperm (low sperm count). Other causes of male infertility are: Low testosterone Enlarged veins (varicocele) in the scrotum – the sac that contains testicles Sexual dysfunction, such as erectile dysfunction, anejaculation i.e. no ejaculation, premature ejaculation or retrograde ejaculation i.e. ejaculation may go into the bladder instead Genetic disorders, such as cystic fibrosis Chromosomal disorders such as Klinefelter syndrome High heat exposure to the testicles from tight clothing, frequent use of hot tubs and saunas, and holding laptops or heating pads on or near the testes Injury to the scrotum or testicles Misuse of anabolic steroids Undescended testicles Previous chemotherapy or radiation therapy Surgical or congenital absence of testes Prior surgical sterilisation (vasectomy) How is Female Infertility Diagnosed? As the initial step, the healthcare provider will gather the full medical and sexual history. Fertility for people with a uterus involves ovulating healthy eggs. In order for this to happen, the brain needs to send out signals through hormones to the ovary so that it releases an egg(s) to go through the fallopian tube on its way to the uterine lining. Fertility testing will consist of looking for an issue with any of these steps. These tests may be carried out by the healthcare provider to help diagnose or rule out problems: Pelvic exam: The healthcare provider performs a pelvic exam and will assess for any structural issues or signs of diseases. Blood test: A blood test interrogates hormone levels to see if hormones are imbalanced or if you are ovulating. Various types of blood tests are carried out for different interrogations for determining any other conditions. Transvaginal ultrasound: The healthcare provider puts a ultrasound wand into the vagina to assess for problems in the reproductive system. Hysteroscopy: The healthcare provider puts a small tubular instrument (hysteroscope) into the vagina and assesses the uterus. Saline sonohysterogram (SIS): The healthcare provider will inject the sterile solution of salt water into the uterus and use the transvaginal ultrasound technology to see the uterine lining. Sono hysterosalpingogram (HSG): The healthcare provider will inject saline solution and air bubbles into the fallopian tubes during the SIS process to identify tubal blockage. X-ray hysterosalpingogram (HSG): This diagnostic tool utilises X-rays to visualise an injectable dye that travels through the fallopian tubes. This diagnostic tool is utilised to identify tubal blockage. Laparoscopy: The healthcare provider will insert a laparoscope (thin tube with camera) through a small incision in the abdomen to identify problems such as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and scar tissue. How is Male Infertility Diagnosed? Diagnosing male infertility usually involves ruling out or diagnosing whether or not a person is ejecting healthy sperm. Most fertility testing is focused on the sperm. Therefore, the following tests may be carried out by the healthcare provider to determine or rule out issues. Semen Analysis: Tests for low sperm count and poor mobility. In some cases, a needle biopsy of the testicle would be needed to collect sperm for testing. Blood Test: A blood test can be done that will test levels of thyroid and other
Coping with Stress-Related Disorders: Insights into PTSD, RAD, ASD, and More
Table of Contents Help Others Discover – Click to Share! Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Table of Contents In today’s fast-paced world, the stress–related disorders are increasingly becoming common. These disorders and conditions badly impact a person’s mental as well as physical health. This situation makes it essential to understand the causes, symptoms and treatments of such disorders. Deep insights into stress-related disorders, individuals, caregivers and healthcare professionals can take early and necessary steps towards effective management and faster recovery. Through Cellmaflex, people suffering from stress related disorders, can book online appointment with the desired healthcare professional without the need of any phone calls. Stress related disorders affect millions of people around the world, with conditions such as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD), Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder (DSED), Acute Stress Disorder (ASD), and Adjustment Disorder being some of the most prevalent. Read the blog to know more about these stress-related disorders, their symptoms, causes and management. What are Stress-Related Disorders Stress-related disorders encompass a range of conditions that are directly related to or exacerbated by high levels of stress. These disorders can significantly impact a person’s mental and physical health. The most common types are: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) When a person has been exposed to any of several forms of trauma, they may develop Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, which is a mental health disease condition. It may be violent or horrifying death situations, combat, accidents, natural calamities, physical or emotional abuse, or any event that causes feelings of terror, numbness, or dread. Symptoms of PTSD Intrusive Thoughts: PTSD sufferers frequently have recurrences of some memories about the awful incident which they would have preferred were wiped from memory. Nightmares: Sleep problems are common as a result of upsetting dreams about the trauma the person experienced. Flashbacks: It includes experiencing a sudden life-changing event that causes certain emotions which makes one feel as if they keep re-living that dreadful moment. Avoidance Behaviours: After trauma, a person may want to eliminate the emotional pain or trauma by keeping away from people, places or situations that could trigger the recollection of that traumatic event. What are the causes of PTSD? PTSD can develop after a very stressful, frightening or distressing event, or after a prolonged traumatic experience. Types of events that can lead to PTSD include: serious accidents, physical or sexual assault abuse, including childhood or domestic abuse, exposure to traumatic events at work, including remote exposure, serious health problems, such as being admitted to intensive care, childbirth experiences, such as losing a baby, the death of someone close to you, war and conflict, torture, etc Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) Reactive Attachment Disorder is a syndrome in children more so who have witnessed improper nurturing or even gross abuse particularly in their tender years. It is a disorder that manifests itself in loss of the normal expected bonds which a child should be making with their guardians. What are the symptoms of reactive attachment disorder? Symptoms of reactive attachment disorder are unique to each child. Common symptoms among infants and young children with RAD include – not showing positive emotions, like comfort, love or joy when interacting with others, avoiding eye contact and physical touch, expressing fear or anger by throwing tantrums or frequently showing unhappiness or sadness, trying to find things in their environment that they can control, which makes them likely to break rules. What causes reactive attachment disorder? Currently there is no exact cause for children diagnosed with reactive attachment disorder. Studies suggest that there could be several factors that contribute to a child who doesn’t form a bond with their caretakers including: the child feels abandoned or alone, the child’s basic needs are not being met, the child fears that they are in danger, the child doesn’t know who to trust, the child’s needs are only being met some of the time, particularly if they don’t know when to expect their caregivers to reward or console them. If a child’s physical and emotional needs are not being met, they are at risk of developing RAD. Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder (DSED) Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder (DSED) is a condition that frequently develops in children subjected to early neglect and maltreatment. Unlike RAD, children with DSED go to the other extreme and are hyperactively affectionate and trusting with novel adults, hence placing themselves in potential danger of abuse. Symptoms of DSED Overly Familiar Behaviour with Strangers: Children suffering from DSED do not seem to grasp the conceptual aspects of stranger danger and have a propensity to seek out and interact with unknown people. Lack of Hesitation in Approaching Unfamiliar Adults: This absence of wariness around new persons is particularly dangerous as it may put the child in harmful circumstances. DSED can occur in children for the following reasons: Absenteeism of a mother or the caregiver within the first few years of life, absence of warmth and affection and emotional development, abuse or neglect, absence or frequent change of a single primary caregiver, trauma in childhood, child in foster care or an orphanage. These factors can cause problems to children in seeking a deeper connection with other individuals. Socialisation is usually easy; hence children appear indiscriminately friendly or socially high-spirited. Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) is a short term reaction that some people have to stressors which occur within a month after a traumatic event. The most important distinction is that although PTSD is diagnosed after one month of experiencing the trauma, the diagnosis of acute stress disorder is made in case of exposure to trauma and development of same-day or initial month symptoms of PTSD. Symptoms of ASD Anxiety: Patients suffering from ASD experience fear and anxiety over the norm, especially over reminders of the traumatic incident. Dissociation: The blurring of psychological or physical feelings with an extension of a stress event, as in ASDs. Hypervigilance: Humans may get too vigilant towards any possible danger even when there is no threat. What causes
Balancing the Extremes: Bipolar Disorder Explained
Table of Contents Help Others Discover – Click to Share! Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Table of Contents Rachel had always been vibrant and creative. But over the years she found herself in an emotional tug-of-war swinging from extreme excitement to being consumed by sadness, fatigue and hopelessness. Without having to make any phone call Rachel’s father booked an online appointment with a healthcare provider on Cellmaflex. It was upon seeing her doctor that Rachel was able to get an accurate diagnosis of her condition which was bipolar disorder. Rachel’s provider was able to assess and manage her fluctuation of moods and then implemented a combination of pharmacological and psychological treatment, as well as recommend certain changes in his her everyday routine. Rachel was able to remain in contact with her care team with the help of Cellmaflex and received reminders for appointments and medications which contributed to the normalisation of her life. Bipolar disorder is a complex disorder that can significantly impact a person’s life. However, with proper treatment, individuals can manage their symptoms and lead fulfilling lives. Read the blog to know what bipolar disorder is, its types and stages, symptoms, hormonal changes and risk associated with the disorder. What is Bipolar Disorder? Bipolar disorder, previously known as manic-depressive illness, is a lifelong mental health condition and a mood disorder. The disorder causes extreme shift in mood, energy levels, thinking and behavioural patterns. These shifts can last for hours, days, weeks or months. Due to these shifts, the individual’s day-to-day life and tasks are disrupted. There are types of bipolar disorder which involve significant experience of fluctuations in mood. These can include hypomanic or manic and depressive episodes. These individuals also experience periods of normal mood, which is known as euthymia. According to an article published by WHO, currently over 40 million people live with bipolar disorder globally. The Age of Occurrence ManiaIn this condition, an individual will have unusually raised or irritable mood along with extreme changes in emotions, thoughts and energy, activity level and talkativeness. Such highly enhanced level of activities and behaviour is a drastic change and is noticeable by others. People in the manic state might yield to activities that might cause social, physical or financial harm. They also might develop psychotic symptoms from time to time, such as hallucinations or delusions. HypomaniaHypomania is a less severe form of mania, and it shares some characteristics of mania such as enhanced creativity and increased energy. This state does not cause severe psychotic issues like mania. Individuals in this state might feel a positive mood, more productive and outgoing but they still may function well in their day-to-day lives. But the individuals may sometimes progress to full-blown manic episodes. DepressiveWhilst in a depressive episode, you experience a low or depressed mood and/or loss of interest in most of the activities, as well as many other symptoms of depression, such as tiredness, changes in appetite, worthlessness and hopelessness, sadness, sleep pattern disturbances, suicidal thoughts, trouble concentrating, etc. Mixed EpisodesMixed episode is a perceptible period during which a person experiences symptoms of both mania or hypomania and depression, concurrently. During these episodes, the person experiences a complicated and often intense emotional state. Rapid cyclingThis is having four or more mood episodes of either manic, hypomanic, depressive, or mixed in a year. These episodes can occur in any combination and may involve abrupt shifts between different mood states. Types of Bipolar Disorder Bipolar I Disorder: In this, mania lasts for at least a week or requires hospitalisation. It is also characterized by fluctuations between hypomania and depression. Bipolar II Disorder: It is characterised by the presence of an episode of recurrent depression and hypomanic episodes but does not meet the full criteria for manic episodes. Cyclothymic Disorder (Cyclothymia): Persistent mood swings of at least two years’ duration with episodes of hypomania and mild depression. Other Bipolar Disorders: It includes an elevation of mood which is not enough to categorise under above types of bipolar disorder. Signs and Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder People with bipolar disorder will have episodes of mania or hypomania many times throughout their life; others may experience them only rarely. Signs and symptoms include: Excessive happiness, hopefulness and excitement Restlessness Rapid speech and racing thoughts Increased energy and less need for sleep Sudden and severe changes in mood, such as going from being joyful to being angry and hostile Making grand and unattainable plans Increased impulsivity and poor judgment, such as suddenly quitting your job Feeling like you’re unusually important, talented or powerful Psychosis, experiencing hallucinations and delusions (in the most severe manic episodes) Reckless and risk-taking behaviour. Most of the time, people experiencing a manic episode are unaware of the negative consequences of their actions. With bipolar disorder, suicide is an ever-present danger, some people become suicidal in manic episodes, not just depressive episodes. Signs and symptoms of hypomania Some people with bipolar disorder have mild manic-like symptoms. With hypomania, you may feel very good and find that you can get a lot done. People with hypomania can often function well in social situations or at work. You may not feel like anything is wrong during a hypomanic episode. But your family and friends may notice your mood swings and activity level changes and think that they’re unusual for you. After hypomania, you might experience severe depression. Signs and symptoms of depressive episodes The symptoms of depressive episodes in bipolar disorder are the same as those of major depression. They include: Overwhelming sadness Low energy and fatigue Irritability Increased need for sleep Lack of motivation Feelings of hopelessness or worthlessness Loss of enjoyment of things that were once pleasurable for you Difficulty concentrating and making decisions Uncontrollable crying Insomnia or excessive sleep A change in appetite, causing weight loss or gain Thoughts of death or suicide Health Risks Associated with Bipolar Disorder If the disorder is left untreated, it can lead to serious health risks, such as: substance abuse, physical health issues, suicide risk, self-harm, sleep disorders, cognitive impairment, etc. Bipolar Disorder TreatmentA person
UTI Uncovered: What You Need to Know About Symptoms, Stages and Risk Factors
Table of Contents Help Others Discover – Click to Share! Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Table of Contents Working professional Emily, at first brushed off the burning sensation she was experiencing while urinating as a mere dehydrated feeling. But days later, the discomfort began to mount on her and frequent urges to use the bathroom interrupted her daily routine. What was initially a minor inconvenience soon drove Emily to her wits’ end as she felt lower abdominal pain and a constant urge to urinate even if her bladder felt empty. Emily booked an online appointment, without making any phone call, with a doctor on Cellmaflex. Visit to her doctor confirmed what she feared – a Urinary Tract Infection (UTI). Although it was quickly treated due to early detection and intervention of the healthcare professional, it opened her eyes to the fact that UTIs are very common and serious. Many people, like Emily, may underestimate the early symptoms of a UTI, and hence they pass the early stage and allow UTI to evolve into something much more serious. In this blog, let’s explore what UTIs are, their prevalence, signs and stages, risk factors, and treatment to keep you well informed, so you can take your necessary measures to curb a complication before it can seemingly gut you of your strength. What is UTI? A UTI is a very common infection of the urinary system. Such infections may involve any part of the urinary system. The most common cause of UTIs is bacteria, particularly E. coli. The symptoms include frequent urination, painful urination, and flank or lower-back pain. UTI may involve the urethra (urethritis), kidneys (pyelonephritis), or bladder (cystitis). Urine is the by-product fluid formed during the renal filtration process by the kidneys. It is formed by removing excess fluid and waste from the blood. Normally, urine flows through the urinary system without pollutants; however, UTIs arise when bacteria gets to the urinary tract. UTIs are classified into: Lower UTIs: Also called cystitis and urethritis, they are infections affecting the bladder and urethra, respectively.Upper UTIs: More serious ones attacking the kidneys (pyelonephritis).According to the BMC infectious diseases, UTI is the second most common infectious disease affecting more than 150 million people globally annually as of 2023. Factors Related to Age and Gender While anybody may develop a UTI, certain age groups and sexes have a pronounced tendency to develop a UTI: Women: Almost 50% of women will, at some time in their lives, experience a UTI; as women have a relatively short urethra.Men: While less common; UTIs in men are seen to be increasing with age and in cases of prostatic problems.Children: In children, the UTI can suggest anatomical problems that may underlie the disorder.Elderly: Due to a weakened immune system and dysfunction of the urinary tract, the elderly are more susceptible. Stages of UTI Urethritis – The early stage where one may experience irritation and discomfort while urinating.Cystitis – The progressing stage where the bladder is infected. Symptoms includes pelvic pain, cloudy urine, frequent urination, fever or such-like.Pyelonephritis – The advanced stage, one of the worst forms of infection whereby it spreads to the kidney regions and creates dramatic damage along the way through exhibiting signs/symptoms of fever, back pain, extremely acute conditions including bacterial infection. Signs of a Urinary Tract Infection UTI causes inflammation of the lining of your urinary tract, and this may give rise to the following problems: Pain in your flank, abdomen, pelvic area, or lower back Pressure in the lower part of your pelvis Cloudy and foul-smelling urine Incontinence Frequent urination Urge incontinence Pain when you pee (dysuria) Blood in urine (hematuria) Other symptoms associated with UTI that a person can experience: Pain in the penis Extreme fatigue Fever Chills Nausea and vomiting Mental changes or confusion Risk Factors for UTI Across the world, UTIs are common in females; In fact, women are usually steered towards such infections more than once during their lifetimes. The factors giving rise to UTI are: Female anatomy: The urethras of women are shorter than those for men, meaning that for any given microorganism, the actual distance to cover to the bladder is short. Sexual activity: A sexually active woman generally has a high risk of developing UTIs. A new sexual partner also increases the risk. Certain birth control methods: Use of a diaphragm for birth control is said to increase the risk of an occurrence of UTI. Likewise, the application of spermicidal agents also raises that risk. Menopause: Due to the decline in circulating estrogen after menopause, several changes in the urinary tract occur. The changes are said to increase the chances of a UTI. Other risk factors are urinary tract anomalies, blockage of urinary tract, underlying immune disorders such as diabetes, using catheters, and urinary tract procedures Complications of Untreated UTIs UTIs, if detected early and properly treated, seldom lead to complications. Untreated, they might lead to serious health conditions. Complications of a UTI may include: Recurrent infection which is defined by occurrence of two or more UTIs occurring in the same six months or three or more UTIs within the same one year. Permanent kidney damage from a kidney infection due to an untreated UTI. Premature birth and preterm birth with low blood weight when a UTI occurs during pregnancy. Narrowing of the urethra in men from the repeated infections of the urethra. Sepsis, a potentially lethal complication of any infection. This happens especially if the infection spills into the kidneys from the urinary tract. How do you know if you have UTI? If experiencing urinary tract infection symptoms, contact a healthcare professional. They will obtain information about symptoms, study medical history, and conduct a physical exam. They might perform some necessary tests to confirm the diagnosis. How is UTI Diagnosed UTI tests that a physician may order include: Urinalysis – You may be asked to provide a urine sample in a special cup. Your physician will send it to a laboratory where laboratory technicians will perform a mix of tests.
Anxiety Disorder Explained: Symptoms, Types and Calming Techniques
Table of Contents Help Others Discover – Click to Share! Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Table of Contents Emma is a young professional with a lively personality and a strong sense of responsibility. However, in the past few weeks, she noted signs of almost debilitating fatigue and constant worry, even for her routine tasks. The first time she felt these symptoms, she thought it was just stress. But Emma gradually found herself avoiding social interactions and felt paralysed with fear just at the thought of her daily responsibilities. However, the turning point came when she experienced a full-blown panic attack during a work presentation. Desperate for help, Emma then sought guidance from a healthcare provider she found on Cellmaflex and booked an online appointment without the need of any phone call. Clinical evaluation by the healthcare provider revealed that Emma was suffering from generalised anxiety disorder (GAD). Emma’s healthcare provider, equipped with Cellmaflex was able to smoothly manage her condition by tracking her symptoms and providing real-time support. Through systematic goal setting, encouragement and motivation, Emma was finally learning how to deal with her issues and handle her life again. Anxiety disorders are one of the most common mental health conditions globally. It affects people irrespective of age and socioeconomic status and its incidence has been on the rise over the past few years. Read the blog to know what anxiety disorder is, the symptoms, types, causes and calming techniques. What is an Anxiety Disorder? Anxiety disorder is a mental health condition. If you are suffering from anxiety disorder, you are likely to react toward certain situations with a lot of anxiety. Anxiety disorders can make it really hard to get through the day for a person. Everyone is bound to be a little or generally apprehensive. For instance, going for an interview, a test, making an important decision or facing another problem at work can make one nervous. There is a certain level of anxiety which can be adaptive — it really helps us alert ourselves of dangers and directs our actions in times of the threat. However, an anxiety disorder goes beyond the regular nervousness and slight fear you may feel from time to time. When it occurs: You tend to be over responsive to normal circumstances (i.e., overreactions). It is difficult for you to function normally. You lose control over how you respond in different situations. All ages are susceptible to these disorders – children, teenagers, and adults. According to WHO, over 300 million people in the world have anxiety disorder. This makes anxiety disorder the most common of all mental disorders. What are the Types of Anxiety Disorders? According to the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), which is the standard reference manual for diagnosing mental health conditions, the types of anxiety disorders include: Agoraphobia: This arouses an overwhelming fear of being unable to escape or find help should an occasion arise owing to being pushed or feeling crowded. Many of the people who suffer from agoraphobia are afraid to go to new places or be in new situations, whether those are large open areas or small enclosed spaces, crowds or being outside the home. Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD): This condition makes life feel heavy and mentally exhausting more than usual. It is described as excessive and recurrent worrying about ordinary matters such as work, health, upbringing, or even running day-to-day errands. Panic disorder: Such a condition describes people who suffer from several unexpected panic attacks at unforeseeable intervals. One of the most significant points in the description of the condition is the fact that the attacks appear to be ‘out of the blue’ and are not associated with any other psychological or physical disorder. Some of the aggressive patients have panic attacks and also suffer from agoraphobia. Specific phobias: A phobia is when something causes you to feel fear or anxiety that so severe it consistently and overwhelmingly disrupts your life. There are hundreds of different types of phobias, and there one diagnosis for almost all of them: specific phobia. Only one phobia, agoraphobia, is a distinct diagnosis. Social phobia: Known earlier as social anxiety disorder, it occurs when people harbour intense and continued fear of negative evaluation and/or being scrutinized by others. Separation anxiety disorder: This condition occurs when you suffer severe distress when away from a loved one, for example, a caregiver. While separation anxiety is a natural development stage in babies and young toddlers, separation anxiety disorder can occur in children and adults too. Selective mutism: This condition occurs in those who remain mute in specific situations due to anxiety or fear. This usually occurs in young children, but older children and adults can be affected as well. Certain mental illness diagnoses are accompanied by anxiety as well. These are PTSD, acute adjustment disorder and OCD. However, the American Psychiatric Association and other practitioners categorizes them as unique and not anxiety related. Symptoms of Anxiety Disorders The symptoms of anxiety disorders vary according to the type. Physical symptoms may include: Muscle tension Restlessness Cold or sweaty hands Nausea Difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep (insomnia) Shortness of breath Heart palpitations Dry mouth Numbness or tingling in your hands or feet Psychological Symptoms may Include: Uncontrollable, obsessive thoughts Feeling panic, fear, dread and uneasiness Difficulty concentrating Feeling panic, fear, dread and uneasiness What causes anxiety disorders? Exact causes of anxiety disorders are not yet determined by researchers. However, they think a combination of factors plays a role. Factors such as: Environmental factors – Anxiety disorder can be caused by a sudden or chronic stress that can alter the level of neurotransmitter responsible for mood regulation. Thus, prolonged or chronic stress can precipitate anxiety disorder. Experiencing a traumatic event can also trigger anxiety disorders. Chemical imbalances: There are chemicals which play some roles in anxiety such as- nor-epinephrine, serotonin, dopamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Relatively high levels or too little of such chemicals can contribute to an anxiety disorder. Brain changes: A part
From Darkness to Light: Navigating Symptoms of Depression, Risk Factors and Types
Table of Contents Help Others Discover – Click to Share! Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Table of Contents Julian succeeded in both his personal and professional endeavours. At first everything went well; however, he began to feel a deep-rooted sorrow and lost touch with the hobbies he always cherished. Julian also noted that over time he became more and more absent minded. These feelings lasted for days and even interfered with his relationships and day-to-day activities. He felt extremely tense and decided to seek help. Fortunately, Julian had access to Cellmaflex, an extensive platform that helped him receive timely help. With Cellmaflex, Julian was able to quickly book an online appointment with a mental health professional without any phone calls. During the visit, the mental health professional diagnosed that Julian was experiencing the early stages of depression, a condition that is often misunderstood and left untreated. The mental health professional then provided the necessary support and treatment. Cellmaflex greatly contributed to Julian’s recovery and emphasising the need for accessibility of affordable healthcare services in the community in depression management. There are widely available cases of depression in every country making it very important to understand what depression is. Additionally, it is necessary to know the symptoms of depression, causes of depression, significance, and prompt initiation, and persuasion of assistance. Read the blog to gain an insight on depression. What is Depression? Depression is a condition where a person will feel a prolonged state of sadness, as well as the loss of interest in activities that were previously enjoyed. In the middle of developing depression, the sufferer can also have problems associated with thinking, memory, appetite, or sleeping. When a person suffers from depression, even the simplest and daily tasks can be a challenge, and the severe cases can lead to suicidal thoughts and acts. Many individuals ought to be aware that depression is a common illness that goes beyond age, gender, or background and is quite a concern to the health sector. It is clear that without the appropriate intervention, depression can escalate and become chronic. In the worst instances, depression can result in self-inflicted harm or suicide. Prevalence of Depression According to WHO, at present, over 280 million people in the world had depression. Also, depression is about 50% more common among women than among men. What are the Symptoms of Depression? There are different types of depression, and its symptoms can therefore be mild to severe. They include: Deep sadness or the feeling of despair, which is accompanied by worries. Loss of interest in enjoyable activities. Easily losing temper or getting angry over trivial things. Binge eating disorder or starving oneself which may lead gaining weight or being undernourished. Difficulties in falling asleep (insomnia) or excessive sleeping (hypersomnia). Feeling exhausted or having a very low with no energy at all levels. Difficulty remembering things or making decisions, or just concentrating. Headaches, stomach aches, sexual dysfunction also are issues one may face. Having thoughts of self-harm or suicide. Biological, Psychological, and Environmental Risk Factors – What are They? Biological Factors: Depression can have a biological predisposition, that is, a family history of depression may increase the risk of developing it. There are also neurochemical factors of depression such as the levels of serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine, which have been linked to depression as well. Psychological Factors: Some personality traits such as low self-esteem, the experience of chronic stress, abuse or trauma in the past may make a person prone to depression. Cognitive patterns, that arises negative thoughts and a tendency to ruminate. Environmental Factors: Stressful life events such as the loss of a loved one, financial difficulties, or relationship problems, can trigger depression. Types of Depression According to The American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), depressive disorders are classified as the following: Clinical depression (major depressive disorder): This is the most severe and most common form of depression. The diagnosis of the major depressive disorder means one has felt sad, low or worthless most days for at least two weeks while also having other symptoms of depression such as sleep problems, loss of interest in activities or change in appetite. Persistent depressive disorder (PDD): Persistent depressive disorder is mild or moderate depression that lasts for at least two years. The symptoms are less severe in PDD than major depressive disorder. Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD): DMDD causes chronic, intense irritability and frequent anger outbursts in children. Symptoms of DMDD usually begin by the age of 10. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD): With PMDD, a person has premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms along with mood symptoms, such as extreme irritability, anxiety or depression. These symptoms improve within a few days after the period starts, but they can be severe enough to interfere with daily life. Depressive disorder due to another medical condition: Many medical conditions can create changes in the body that may cause depression. Examples include hypothyroidism, heart disease, Parkinson’s disease and cancer. There are also specific forms of major depressive disorder, including: Seasonal affective disorder (seasonal depression): This is a form of major depressive disorder that typically arises during the fall and winter and goes away during the spring and summer. Prenatal depression and postpartum depression: Prenatal depression is depression that happens during pregnancy. Postpartum depression is depression that develops within four weeks of delivering a baby. The DSM refers to these as “major depressive disorder (MDD) with peripartum onset.” Atypical depression: Symptoms of this condition, also known as major depressive disorder with atypical features, vary slightly from “typical” depression. The main difference is a temporary mood improvement in response to positive events. Other key symptoms include increased appetite and rejection sensitivity. People with bipolar disorder also experience episodes of depression in addition to manic or hypomanic episodes. How is Depression Treated? Psychotherapy: also known as talk therapy, involves talking with a mental health professional. The therapist helps identify and change unhealthy emotions, thoughts and behaviours. There are many types of psychotherapy —
Heart Failure Management Made Easy with Cellma
Table of Contents Help Others Discover – Click to Share! Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Table of Contents At the hospital, the cardiology ward was buzzing with activity. In room 306, a, 55-year-old, was laying in bed, trying to catch her breath. She was admitted late last night after experiencing serious shortness of breath, fatigue, and swelling in her legs. As the morning check-up began, the lead cardiologist, accessed electronic patient record (EPR) through Cellma. The system provided a quick overview of her medical history, current symptoms, and initial test results. Within moments, the lead cardiologist, had a clear picture of condition – heart failure. Managing heart failure is important, and requires coordinated care, continuous monitoring, and timely interventions.This is where Cellma’s integrated modules come into play transforming how hospitals manage heart failure patients. Cellma optimises the hospital’s operations and management. This not only eases the hospital administration, but also enhances patients’ experience. Through various modules of Cellma, patients’ hospital journey is smooth. Read the blog to learn how Cellma transforms heart failure management and hospital’s operations What is Heart Failure? Heart Failure sometimes called HF, means that the heart is not pumping well as it should. Our bodies depend on the heart’s pumping that delivers oxygen and nutrient rich blood to the cells of the body. In heart failure, blood often backs up and the fluid can build up in the lungs that causes shortness of breath. This results in fatigue and shortness of breath, and some people experience excessive coughing. Everyday activities such as walking, climbing stairs or carrying groceries can become very difficult. Congestive heart failure is a type of heart failure that requires timely medical attention, although sometimes the two terms are used interchangeably. According to British Heart Foundation, in UK there are around 200,000 new diagnoses of heart failure every year. Around 730,000 people in the UK are on their GP’s heart failure register. Managing heart failure requires a coordinated approach and includes early diagnosis, continuous monitoring, timely intervention, and multidisciplinary care. To achieve this, hospitals need efficient systems that supports every stage of the patient’s journey. How Cellma Enhances Heart Failure Management Cellma is an all-in-one HIMS solution that addresses challenges by providing a platform that streamlines all aspects of heart failure management. With administrative tasks and clinical management, Cellma brings together all aspects of patient care. Cellma can integrate across various hospital departments and ensure that healthcare providers have quick access to important information. Here’s how Cellma enhances heart failure management of the hospital with its modules: Electronic Patient Record (EPR) The Electronic Patient Record (EPR) module of Cellma has a centralised digital storage for all patient information. From demographics to medical history, every piece of data is easily accessible to authorised healthcare providers. In the EPR module, the patient’s data is recorded throughout their care pathways irrespective of where the services were delivered. EPR module is completely integrated for bi-directional connectivity. Wards and Bed Management Managing bed availability is crucial, especially in busy cardiology units. The Wards and Bed Management module in Cellma helps hospitals optimise their resources by providing real-time data on bed occupancy and patient status. Cellma’s Ward & Bed Management module offers graphical interfaces to simplify ward administration within an organisation. The module manages live ward capacity, staffing levels, live bed status, and scheduled and emergency admissions across the inpatient community. Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) Effective heart failure management requires inputs from variety of specialists. Cellma’s Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) module smoothly communicates and coordinates all members of the patient’s care team. In the cases of heart failure patients, the MDT module ensures that the patient’s cardiologist, nurse, pharmacist, and dietitian can easily share information and collaborate on the patient’s care plan. The MDT module promotes an inclusive approach to patient care, addressing all aspects of the patient’s health and well-being. Patient Administration System (PAS) With Cellma’s Patient Administration System (PAS), administrative tasks such as patient registration, appointment scheduling, and admission/discharge processes are simplified. PAS module includes the referral procedure to specialised consultants. Also, in Cellma, appointments can be booked using the web portal or app. E – Pharmacy The E-Pharmacy module of Cellma integrates prescription management with the hospital’s pharmacy. Heart Failure medications can be prescribed electronically, and pharmacists receive the prescriptions in real-time. Cellma’s Pharmacy Medicines Management & Medicines Administration are seamlessly integrated with each other and ensures quality, safety, and efficiency for all prescribed and dispensed items. Cellma’s E-pharmacy & E-prescribing module is integrated with the billing module and hence, it automatically records and generates patient-level costing. Communication Communication is important for smooth patient care. Cellma’s communication module allows healthcare providers to communicate without any issues and provides secure messaging and collaboration tools. Patient can participate and take their health care in their own hands through self-registration, feedback, and access to specific parts of their medical record. Hospital administration can inform the patient about their tests results, upcoming appointments and treatment options. Finance and Billing Cellma’s Finance and Billing module simplifies the financial operations of a hospital. It handles everything from the patient’s heart failure treatment’s billing to insurance claims processing and ensures accuracy and transparency. The finance and appointment module in Cellma is completely connected. As a result, patients get automatic billing for each treatment episode and the service provided at the department. Business Intelligence and Reporting The Business Intelligence and Reporting module provides cardiology department and the hospital as whole with valuable insights into the departments and hospital’s operations, through advanced analytics and reporting tools. Cellma’s Business Intelligence and Reporting module provides clinical, managerial and financial reports on all data stored within an organisation. Every single piece of data can be accessed in three easy-to-read formats. Our dynamic dashboards give you a snapshot of any specific key performance indicators, customisable to present only the data you need. Telemedicine Solution Given the chronic nature of heart failure, ongoing monitoring and follow-up are extremely important even after the patient leaves the hospital. Cellma supports telehealth services and enables virtual consultations and remote monitoring. Patient can confirm, cancel, or re-schedule telemedicine appointments to suit their availability. It
Zika Virus Unmasked: Understanding a Global Enigma
Table of Contents Help Others Discover – Click to Share! Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Table of Contents Imagine you are planning a dream vacation to a tropical paradise, excited to enjoy the sun, sand, and sea. As you research your destination, your excitement turns into concern as you come across a travel advisory warning about the Zika virus. You begin to wonder what exactly is Zika, and how could it impact your trip and health? This situation is all too real for many travellers and residents in certain parts of the world, where Zika remains a significant health concern. Read our blog to gain in-depth knowledge on zika virus, its origin, prevalence, how it is transmitted, the symptoms, its diagnoses, effects, impact on pregnant women and their foetus, and the importance of medical consultation. What is Zika Virus? Zika virus or Zika fever is a disease one gets from certain types of mosquitoes, namely, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Zika is caused by a virus, an organism that uses the cells of the body to make more copies of itself. Many people don’t know they have it or may have very mild symptoms. If a person who’s pregnant gets infected, the virus can prevent the foetus’s brain from developing properly. The Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitos are found in many parts of the world. There have been outbreaks in the Americas, the Caribbean and parts of Africa and Asia. Origin and Historical Outbreaks of Zika Virus Zika virus was first isolated in 1947 from a rhesus monkey in the Zika forest of Uganda. Subsequently, the virus was found in humans in 1952 in Uganda and Tanzania. Zika virus has been circulating in Africa and Asia since the 1950s. It was relatively unnoticed as the symptoms of the virus were mild in most cases. Nonetheless, a series of significant outbreaks in recent years brought Zika virus into the global spotlight. In 2007, the first large outbreak of Zika disease occurred on the Pacific Island of Yap. Between 2013-2014, there was a major outbreak in French Polynesia that raised the concerns about the virus due to an increased number of cases. Later in 2015-2016 there was an outbreak in Brazil which was particularly notable due to the increase in cases of microcephaly. How Does Zika Virus Spread? There are various modes of transmission of Zika virus including: Mosquitoes: The most common way people can get Zika is through the bite of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes. These mosquitoes are found in many parts of the world. They spread Zika when they bite someone who’s infected and then bite someone else. Pregnant person to foetus: If a pregnant woman has a Zika infection, it can pass through the placenta to the foetus. Zika can cause the child to be born with congenital (present at birth) conditions like microcephaly. Sexual contact: Zika virus can stay in body fluids, like semen, for weeks to months after an infection, even if a person never had symptoms or the symptoms have gone away. It can spread to other people through oral, anal or vaginal sex. Blood transfusion: There have been reported cases of Zika being transmitted through blood transfusions, although this is not common. What are the Symptoms of Zika? Only about 1 in 5 people with Zika have symptoms. The symptoms include: Headache Fever Joint pain Redness in the whites of your eyes (pink eye/conjunctivitis) Rash that is a mix of raised and flat red areas of skin (maculopapular), which can be itchy. How is Zika Diagnosed? A healthcare provider diagnoses Zika by looking for signs of the virus in the blood or pee (urine). The provider will usually only test for Zika if you have been to a place with risk for Zika and you have symptoms. Short-Term and Long-Term Effects of Zika Virus For most people, Zika is a short-lived illness with no lasting effects. However, in some cases, Zika has been linked to more severe health issues, including: Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS): A rare neurological disorder that can cause muscle weakness and, in severe cases, paralysis. There is evidence to suggest that Zika can trigger GBS in some individuals. Congenital Zika Syndrome: This refers to a range of birth defects that occur in babies born to mothers infected with Zika during pregnancy. These can include microcephaly, brain damage, eye defects, hearing loss, and growth impairment. Impact on Pregnant Women and Their Foetus Some severe consequences of Zika virus can occur in pregnant women and their foetuses. A Zika infection during pregnancy might lead to miscarriage, stillbirth, or severe birth defects which is known as Congenital Zika Syndrome. This syndrome can result in lifelong disabilities, significantly impacting the child’s quality of life and placing a considerable burden on families and healthcare systems. Importance of Medical Consultation Given the potential complications associated with Zika, especially for pregnant women, it is crucial to seek medical consultation if you suspect you have been exposed to the virus. Easily book an appointment through Cellmaflex and get an early diagnosis while monitoring your condition. This helps manage symptoms and reduce the risk of severe outcomes. How can I Prevent Zika? Ways to reduce your risk of getting or spreading a Zika infection include: Protect yourself from mosquitoes: If you are traveling to an area with a risk of Zika or a current Zika outbreak, cover exposed skin with clothing and wear EPA-registered insect repellent. Sleep indoors in a room with screens in the windows or under a mosquito bed net. Avoid getting mosquito bites for at least three weeks after you return from travel. Use condoms or abstain from sex: If you have travelled to an area with a risk of Zika or a current outbreak, use a condom or avoid (abstain from) oral, anal and vaginal sex for three months after returning, even if you do not have symptoms. Avoid traveling to areas with Zika if you’re pregnant: If you travel to an area with a risk
What is Pneumonia? Detailed Insights on Symptoms, Types, and Prevention
Table of Contents Help Others Discover – Click to Share! Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Table of Contents It started as a mild cough that Eli thought was just a persistent cold. After few days, he felt exhausted, his chest was hurting with every breath, and his fever would not go down. Worried, he booked an online appointment with a doctor through Cellmaflex, an online digital platform he came across through a social media post. During the visit, the doctor diagnosed Eli with pneumonia. Eli was shocked— he had heard of pneumonia before, but he never imagined it could hit so hard and so fast. Read the blog to know what exactly pneumonia is, its types, symptoms, causes, risk factors and prevention. Importance of Awareness and Understanding of Pneumonia Understanding pneumonia is important because early diagnosis and treatment drastically improve outcomes. Pneumonia can affect anyone, but certain populations, such as the elderly, young children, and those with underlying health conditions, are more vulnerable. Awareness leads to better prevention strategies, timely medical intervention, and reduced mortality rates. What is Pneumonia? Pneumonia is an infection in the lungs which is caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi. Pneumonia causes the lung tissue to swell and might also cause fluid or pus in the lungs. Bacterial pneumonia is usually more severe than viral pneumonia, which often resolves on its own. Pneumonia can affect one or both lungs. Pneumonia in both of your lungs is called bilateral or double pneumonia. Types of Pneumonia Pneumonia is categorised by which pathogen (virus, bacteria or fungi) caused it and how one got it. Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) If one gets pneumonia outside of a healthcare facility, it’s called community-acquired pneumonia. Causes include: Bacteria: Infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria, also known as pneumococcal disease, is the most common cause of CAP. Pneumococcal disease can also cause ear infections, sinus infections and meningitis. Viruses: Viruses that cause the common cold, the flu (influenza), COVID-19 and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can sometimes lead to pneumonia. Fungi (molds): Fungi, like Cryptococcus, Pneumocystis jirovecii and Coccidioides, are uncommon causes of pneumonia. People with weak immune systems are mostly at risk of getting pneumonia from a fungus. Protozoa: Rarely, protozoa like Toxoplasma cause pneumonia. Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) One can get hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) while in a hospital or healthcare facility for another illness or procedure. HAP is usually more serious than community-acquired pneumonia as it is mostly caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria, like methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). This means HAP can make a person sicker and harder to treat. Healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP) A person can get HCAP while in a long-term care facility for example- a nursing home or outpatient, extended-stay clinics. Similar to hospital-acquired pneumonia, it is usually caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) If a person needs to be on a respirator or breathing machine to help breathe in the hospital (usually in the ICU), that person is at risk for ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). The same types of bacteria as community-acquired pneumonia, as well as the drug-resistant kinds that cause hospital-acquired pneumonia, cause VAP. Aspiration pneumonia Aspiration is when solid food, liquids, spit or vomit goes down the trachea (windpipe) and into the lungs. If you can’t cough these up, your lungs can get infected. What Causes Pneumonia? Pneumonia can develop when the immune system attacks an infection in the small sacs of the lung (alveoli). This causes the lungs to swell and leak fluids. Many bacteria, viruses and fungi can cause the infections that lead to pneumonia. Bacteria are the most common cause in adults and viruses are the most common cause in school-aged children. Common illnesses that can lead to pneumonia include: Common cold (rhinovirus) COVID-19 (SARS-COV-2) The flu (influenza virus) Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) Human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) Legionnaires’ disease Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) Pneumocystis pneumonia Pneumococcal disease Mycoplasma pneumonia bacteria What are the Symptoms of Pneumonia? Symptoms of pneumonia depend on the causes and can range from mild to severe. Symptoms of pneumonia can vary by age. Babies, young children and older adults may have different symptoms. Symptoms of bacterial pneumonia High fever (up to 105 F or 40.55 C) Cough with yellow, green or bloody mucus Tiredness (fatigue) Rapid breathing Shortness of breath Rapid heart rate Sweating or chills Chest pain and/or abdominal pain, especially with coughing or deep breathing Loss of appetite Bluish skin, lips or nails (cyanosis) Confusion or altered mental state Symptoms of viral pneumonia Dry cough Headache Muscle pain Extreme tiredness or weakness Symptoms of pneumonia in young children Newborn babies may not show any symptoms of pneumonia, or their symptoms may be different from adults, including: Fever Chills General discomfort Sweating/flushed skin Cough Difficulty breathing or rapid breathing (tachypnea) Loss of appetite Vomiting Lack of energy Signs to look for in babies and young children include Grunting sound with breathing or noisy breathing A decreased amount of pee or diapers that are less wet Pale skin Limpness Crying more than usual Difficulty feeding Symptoms of pneumonia in adults over 65 Adults over 65 or those with weakened immune systems may have mild or less noticeable symptoms of pneumonia. Older adults may experience: They can feel weak or unsteady which increases the risk of falling They can be without a fever or have a body temperature that is lower than normal Older people can experience confusion or delirium They may have changes in functional status, which is the ability to perform daily activities They can experience urinary incontinence Older people can experience the lack of appetite They can experience a worsening of existing health conditions Risk Factors for Developing Pneumonia Several factors can increase the risk of developing pneumonia. Pneumonia can affect anyone. But the two age groups at highest risk are: Children who are 2 years old or younger are at higher risk because their immune systems are still developing. This risk is higher for premature babies. People who are age 65 or older are also at higher risk because their immune systems generally weaken as people age. Older